STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, promulgated by
Order No. 11 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 29, 1988, and effective as of April 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the socialist commodity
economy, promoting technical progress, improving product quality,
increasing social and economic benefits, safeguarding the interests of the
State and the people and suiting standardization to the needs in socialist
modernization and in the development of economic relations with foreign
countries.
Article 2
Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements
that need to be unified:
(1) the varieties, specifications, quality and grades of industrial
products as well as the safety and sanitary requirements for them;
(2) the design, production, inspection, packing, storage, transportation
and methods of operation of industrial products as well as the safety and
sanitary requirements for them in the process of production, storage and
transportation;
(3) technical requirements and testing methods related to environmental
protection;
(4) the designs, construction procedure and safety requirements for
construction projects; and
(5) technical terms, symbols, code names and drawing methods related to
industrial production, project construction and environmental protection.
Major agricultural products and other items that need to be standardized
shall be designated by the State Council.
Article 3
The tasks of standardization shall include the formulation of standards
and organization of and supervision over the implementation of the
standards. Standardization shall be incorporated in the plan for national
economic and social development.
Article 4
The State shall encourage the active adoption of international standards.
Article 5
The department of standardization administration under the State Council
shall be in charge of the unified administration of standardization
throughout the country. Competent administrative authorities under the
State Council shall, in line with their respective functions, be in charge
of standardization in their respective departments and trades.
The departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
in charge of the unified administration of standardization within their
respective administrative areas. Competent administrative authorities
under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government shall, in line with their respective
functions, be in charge of standardization in their respective departments
and trades within their respective administrative areas.
The standardization administration departments and the competent
administrative authorities of cities and counties shall, in line with
their respective functions as assigned by the governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government, be in charge of standardization within their respective
administrative areas.
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Article 6
National standards shall be formulated for the technical requirements that
need to be unified nationwide. National standards shall be formulated by
the department of standardization administration under the State Council.
Where, in the absence of national standards, technical requirements for a
certain trade need to be unified, trade standards may be formulated. Trade
standards shall be formulated by competent administrative authorities
under the State Council and reported to the department of standardization
administration under the State Council for the record, and shall be
annulled on publication of the national standards. Where, in the absence
of both national and trade standards, safety and sanitary requirements for
industrial products need to be unified within a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, local
standards may be formulated. Local standards shall be formulated by
departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
reported to the department of standardization administration and the
competent administrative authorities under the State Council for the
record, and shall be annulled on publication of the national or trade
standards.
Where, in the absence of both national and trade standards for products
manufactured by an enterprise, standards for the enterprise shall be
formulated to serve as the criteria for the organization of production. An
enterprise's standards for its products shall be reported to the
standardization administration department and the competent administrative
authorities under the local government for the record. Where national or
trade standards have been formulated, the State shall encourage
enterprises to formulate their enterprise standards, which are more
stringent than the national or trade standards, to be used in these
enterprises.
Where the formulation of standards is otherwise provided for by law, such
legal provisions shall be complied with.
Article 7
National standards and trade standards shall be classified into compulsory
standards and voluntary standards. Those for safeguarding human health and
ensuring the safety of the person and of property and those for compulsory
execution as prescribed by the laws and administrative rules and
regulations shall be compulsory standards, the others shall be voluntary
standards.
The local standards formulated by standardization administration
departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government for the safety and sanitary requirements of
industrial products shall be compulsory standards within their respective
administrative areas.
Article 8
The formulation of standards shall be conducive to ensuring safety and the
people's health, safeguarding consumer interests and protecting the
environment.
Article 9
The standards to be formulated shall be conducive to a rational use of the
country's resources, a wider utilization of scientific and technological
gains and the enhancement of economic returns, conform to operation
instructions, increase the universality and interchangeability of
products, and be technologically advanced and economically rational.
Article 10
The standards to be formulated shall be coordinated with and supported by
related standards.
Article 11
The standards to be formulated shall help promote economic and
technological cooperation with foreign countries and foreign trade.
Article 12
The roles of trade associations, scientific research institutions and
academic organizations shall be brought into play in the formulation of
standards. A department engaged in the formulation of standards shall
organize a committee on standardization technology composed of
specialists, which shall be responsible for the drafting of the standards
and shall participate in the examination of the draft standards.
Article 13
After the standards come into force, the department that formulated them
shall, in the light of scientific and technological developments and the
needs in economic construction, make timely reviews of the current
standards to determine if they are to remain effective or are to be
revised or annulled.
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Article 14
Compulsory standards must be complied with. It shall be prohibited to
produce, sell or import products that are not up to the compulsory
standards. With regard to voluntary standards, the State shall encourage
their adoption by enterprises on an optional basis.
Article 15
With respect to products for which national or trade standards have been
formulated, enterprises may apply to the standardization administration
department under the State Council or agencies authorized by the same
department for product quality authentication. For products which are
authenticated to conform to the standards, certificates shall be issued by
the department that made the authentication and the use of the prescribed
authentication marks shall be permitted on such products and the packing
thereof.
If products for which authentication certificates have been granted do not
conform to national or trade standards, or if products have not undergone
authentication or found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, no authentication marks shall be permitted for use on such
products leaving factories for sale.
Article 16
Technical requirements for export products shall comply with contractual
provisions.
Article 17
The development of new products, improvement of products or technical
renovation by an enterprise shall conform to standardization requirements.
Article 18
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level shall be responsible for supervision over and
inspection of the implementation of the standards.
Article 19
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level may, in accordance with needs, establish inspection
organizations or authorize inspection organizations of other units to
examine whether products conform to the standards. Where the laws and
administrative rules and regulations provide otherwise on inspection
organizations, such provisions shall apply.
Disputes over whether a product conforms to the standards shall be handled
in accordance with the inspection data provided by the inspection
organizations as specified in the preceding paragraph.
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 20
Whoever produces, sells or imports products that do not conform to the
compulsory standards shall be dealt with according to law by the competent
administrative authorities as prescribed by the laws and administrative
rules and regulations. In the absence of such prescriptions, his products
and unlawful proceeds shall be confiscated and he shall be concurrently
fined by the administrative authorities for industry and commerce; where
serious consequences are caused and crimes are constituted, the person
directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the law.
Article 21
Where authentication marks are used on products leaving a factory for
sale, for which authentication certificates have been issued but which do
not conform to national or trade standards, the enterprise concerned shall
be ordered by the department of standardization administration to stop the
sale and shall be fined concurrently; where the circumstances are serious,
the authentication certificates shall be revoked by the department that
made the authentication.
Article 22
Whoever uses authentication marks, without authorization, on products
leaving a factory for sale, which have not undergone authentication or
have been found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, shall be ordered by the department of standardization
administration to stop the sale and shall concurrently be fined.
Article 23
A party which refuses to accept the punishment of confiscation of its
products and of its unlawful proceeds and a fine may, within 15 days of
receiving the penalty notice, apply for reconsideration to the office
immediately above the one that made the punishment decision; a party which
refuses to obey the reconsideration decision may, within 15 days of
receiving the reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's
court. The party also may, within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice,
directly bring a suit before a people's court. If a party neither applies
for reconsideration nor brings a suit before a people's court within the
prescribed time nor complies with the punishment decision, the office that
made the punishment decision shall apply to a people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 24
Personnel responsible for the supervision, inspection and administration
of standardization who violate the law or neglect their duties, or are
engaged in malpractices for personal gains, shall be given disciplinary
sanctions; where crimes are constituted, their criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with the law.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 25
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Council.
Article 26
This Law shall go into effect as of April 1, 1989.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
著作权法修改草案第二稿(以下简称草案)对职务作品的规定做出了一些改动，由职务作品这一概念带来的系列问题值得探讨。
既然提到职务作品，就不得不同时谈一下法人作品。职务作品与法人作品是非常接近的概念，不但在司法实践中，即使在立法中也是如此。法人作品与职务作品很可能发生混淆。实际上，由于我国现行著作权法的相关规定比较原则、模糊，两者易发生混淆的案例比较多。同时，我们一般所说的“法人作品”与其他国家的法人作品不同，我国的法人作品不仅包含狭义的法人作品，其他组织也可以成为作者，涵盖在现行著作权法规定的“法人作品”中。
法人作品的问题在2001年制定著作权法的时候就已经发生过争议，焦点是：法人能不能成为作者。大陆法系中的大多数国家不承认由法律拟制出的法人可以成为作者，因为这些国家认为作品与自然人的人格相关，法人自然不能成为实际的作者；而英美法系大多承认法人可以成为作者，因为这些国家认为作品与人格无关，只是比较独立的财产权，法人理所应当可以成为作者。从划分上来看，中国应该属于大陆法系，中国的整个民法体系大多借鉴的是大陆法系国家的法律规定。但是在制定著作权法的时候，迫于美国有关保护知识产权的重大压力，立法者本意是想融合大陆法系与英美法系的精神，但这导致我国的著作权法出现了许多逻辑上的问题，法人作品就是在这个背景下被设定出来的。直到现在，著作权法修正案草案也是用“视为作者”这样的词语，明显的，“视为”的意思是并非真正的、实质上的作者，只是一种立法技术上的变通手段。
这次著作权法的修改草案对职务作品与法人作品都进行了修改，从立法精神和技术层面上看，这种修改总体上还是有进步的，但是仍然有遗憾。
1、关于法人作品：修改草案第二稿第13条中明确了相关规定：“法人或其他组织投资，以法人、其他组织或者其代表人名义发表”。法人作品与职务作品之间发生混淆的原因之一就在于法人作品的要件规定不明确，这次增加要件也是为了解决这个问题，使法人作品的认定更加明确。
但是，组织职工撰写作品的同时，法人或其他组织向职工发放职工工资的行为是否属于“投资”？法人、其他组织或者其代表人以其名义发表作品，但是该行为构成侵犯职务作品作者署名权的情况如何处理？这些问题依然需要我们仔细考虑。
2、关于职务作品：修改草案第二稿第18条简化了职务作品著作权归属的规定。现行的著作权法对于职务作品的规定比较复杂，而且不符合国际惯例。著作权法草案的这种“有约定从约定，没约定归个人，特殊情况例外”的修改使得判断职务作品的权利归属比较简单。
但首先，职工是个很过时的概念。如无特殊情况，借调人员、临时招聘人员、兼职人员都可算在“职工”范畴内。现在由于劳动形式多元化，这种情况一般会被理解为用人单位与劳动者的关系，包括合同关系、临时招聘关系、劳务派遣或者借用关系等，比较模糊，让人难以掌握，不便操作。
其次，目前企业职工相比企业依然属于弱者地位，职工还很难取得与企业相同的谈判地位，这种规定很可能会导致职工的实际利益受损，因为几乎所有企业都会在劳动合同或者其他合同中加入约定著作权归属的条款，使得职务作品实际上变相成为了法人作品。
3、修改草案第二稿明确了“为完成工作任务”所创作的作品属职务作品。以记者为例，专职新闻记者有工作任务要求，完成工作任务之外发表的其他文学作品一般不属于职务作品。
尽管专职记者的工作性质就是作相应的新闻报道，此类作品不管发表在本身就业的媒体，还是其他媒体;不管是工作任务范围之内，还是超额完成的任务，都应该算作职务作品。而专职新闻记者的其他文学作品，应视情况而定，如仍然在其工作范围之内，可能还是属于职务作品;但如果是与本职工作毫无关系、单位并不要求记者写的其他文学作品，则不该被界定为职务作品。
最后还是来简单谈谈法人作品与职务作品的区别：
1、体现意志不同。法人作品体现的是单位意志，职务作品体现的是个人意志。这里的意志体现与单位对个人创作的影响力不同，与审批也不同。如果是单位作品，一开始单位应该设定作品的主题、框架、方向乃至具体的用语，很多作品的这些要素是通过开会的方式决定的。即单位如果主张作为为法人作品，应该在创意来源、结构安排、材料取舍、思想表达等方面下功夫去证明，即拿出证据证明自己如何组织人员撰写并在整个过程中进行安排指导和总体把控、体现在作品中的法人或其他组织的意志如何贯彻作品创作始终的。
职务作品，虽然也可能体现单位的意志，但是这只是一种影响，而非直接的放到作品中去。比如记者的稿件，虽然是单位安排的任务，但是框架、语言风格、遣词造句总体上还是自己的意志为准。
2、发表名义不同。法人作品以法人、其他组织或者其代表人名义发表，职务作品以个人名义发表。
3、法律责任的承担主体不同。
其实这一点也是两者最重要的区别，即法人作品由法人、其他组织承担法律责任，职务作品由个人承担法律责任。通过权利应当和义务对等这种平实的理解，法人作品由法人或其他组织享有“视为作者”的权利，那么也理所应当地需承担法律责任。
（高文律师事务所 吴凡）
